![]() ![]() This study aimed to analyse the growth and yield of sweet pepper plants with different stem densities under supplemental lighting and to evaluate the canopy light profile and photosynthesis using ray-tracing simulation with 3D plant models. For this reason, supplemental lighting has widely been applied to greenhouse cultivation, but it is not easy to analyse its effect due to the high spatial complexity of canopy components. However, a higher number of stems may negatively affect growth and fruit yield due to higher fruit load and lower light interception. Greenhouse Light interception Optical simulation Supplementary assimilation lighting In greenhouses, sweet peppers with adequate stem density can improve fruit yield. This work enables new technological capabilities for more diverse and widespread exploration of urban solar harvesting applications. The rasterization-based approach is 7–30 times faster than the iterative analytical approach and 4–20 times faster than the ray-based approach. All approaches converge within 5% deviations and the most accurate achieves <1% deviations. Not modeling Diffuse shadows leads to 3.9–30.9% RMSE in power estimates, and considering Diffuse shadows, but as isotropic-only, leads to 0.94–7.45% RMSE. They are characterized and compared in terms of accuracy, precision, energy implications, and computational cost as a function of resolution and scene complexity. Here, three shadow modeling approaches that consider all anisotropic components of solar radiation are developed and demonstrated in a variety of urban scenes. In particular, some common simplifications like not modeling Diffuse shadows or not considering their anisotropic nature can be limiting in complex environments. To make the most of available resources, a decisive challenge is building modeling frameworks that are more geometrically flexible and balance realism with efficiency and practicality. But urban centers are complex environments with constrained areas, dynamic conditions, and many shadow-casting objects. Every surface in the cities of the future may have the potential to harvest solar energy. Thanks to improving cost-effectiveness and versatility, solar harvesting technologies can be key in transforming cities into energy producers rather than just recipients. This approach should open many new perspectives on a potentially wider multidisciplinary usage and interpretation of solar design tools, sometimes well beyond their initial scope of work.Ĭities are arguably the epicenters of human and technological development, but as the world’s population increasingly concentrates in urban areas, meeting the intense energy demand sustainably and efficiently is becoming critical. Furthermore, tools from various fields have been analysed in a broad interdisciplinary context of solar design with a particular attention for being used for Daylighting and Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) purposes. Here presented, is an overview of almost 200 solar design tools, analyzing their numerous features regarding accuracy, complexity, scale, computation speed, representation as well as building design process integration in about 50 2D/3D, CAD/CAM and BIM software environments. This paper was carried out within the framework of IEA-PVPS Task 15 – BIPV and it aims to facilitate this decision for all parties involved in solar design process. Consequently, choosing a suitable approach and tool for each design phase is essential for achieving unique design and performance goals. This is especially important in complex cases such as dense urban settings with the significant surface shadowing, and vertical facades including daylighting devices and photovoltaics. Furthermore, a capability of solar design methodologies and tools to accurately and time efficiently simulate light phenomena can greatly influence performance results and design decisions. Solar design can take many different forms across disciplines with different methodologies and goals, ranging from acquiring architectural visual effects to assessing illumination for daylighting and solar radiation potential on building surfaces for PV implementation. ![]()
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